Little-known Russian commanders of the 18th century. Great Russian generals

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tauride (1739–1791)

The future Most Serene Prince of Tauride and Field Marshal General was born in the village. Chizhovo, Dukhovishchensky district, Smolensk province, in the family of a retired officer. In 1755 he entered the military service. In the rank of sergeant-major, he participated in the palace coup of 1762, and after the accession of Empress Catherine II, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, and was awarded the court rank of chamber junker. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768–1774. participated in the battles of Focsani, Brailov, Ryaba Mohyla, Larga and Cahul. In 1774, he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium. The rapid rise of G.A. Potemkin was facilitated by a close acquaintance with Empress Catherine II, who appreciated his talent as an organizer and diligence in service. In 1766, he was appointed governor-general of Novorossiysk, Azov, and Astrakhan. While in this post, he contributed to the development of the Northern Black Sea region by Russia, contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, on the initiative of Potemkin, the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated. In 1783, he implemented his project of joining the Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride, and in 1784 he was appointed president of the Military Collegium. In this post, he carried out a number of measures aimed at a more rational organization of the service, significantly changed the equipment of military personnel. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787–1791. G.A. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Yekaterinoslav army. The Black Sea Fleet was placed under his control. In 1788, he led the siege and assault of the strategically important fortress of Achi-Kale (Ochakov), which fell on December 6, 1788. Later, having chosen the city of Yassy for his headquarters, the commander-in-chief directed the actions of the army and navy from there. Among the subordinates of G.A. Potemkin were outstanding Russian military leaders and naval commanders A.V. Suvorov, N.V. Repnin, F.F. Ushakov.
Samuil Karlovich Greig (1735–1788)

A native of the Scottish city of Inverkiting, he served in the British Navy. In 1764, he joined the Russian fleet, having received the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, commanding the battleship "Three Hierarchs", as part of the squadron of G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding the corps de batalia, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. Greig in 1775 delivered to Kronstadt the self-proclaimed princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782 Greig was elevated to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Züdermanland in the Battle of Gogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he fell seriously ill, was evacuated to Revel, where he died.
Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726–1809)

He studied at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, after which he continued his education in England. In the naval service in the Russian fleet he was enlisted as a midshipman in 1742. He was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764 he was appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find a sea route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and beyond to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to complete the task assigned to him, but both expeditions of Chichagov's attempts to pass the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. However, he managed to reach high polar latitudes (in the first case, 80?26? N, in the second, 80?30? N). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Rear Admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don Flotilla, which defended the Kerch Strait. In 1775 he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed a member of the Admiralty College, in 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, led the actions of Russian squadrons in the Eland and Revel sea battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships, during which Russian sailors destroyed and captured 7 battleships, 3 frigates, 6 boats, 5 galleys, 21 gunboats, 3 firewalls, 16 transport ships and 3 bots. For this victory he was awarded the Order of St. George 1st class. Since 1797 - retired.
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730–1800)

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the famous Russian commander, Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).

Born in the family of General-in-Chief V.I. Suvorov. In 1742, he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, but he began to fulfill his duties only in 1748, with the rank of corporal. In 1754 he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Ingermanland Infantry Regiment. During the Seven Years' War 1756–1763 participated in the battles of Kunersdorf, near Frankfurt an der Oder, in the capture of Berlin and the siege of Kolberg.

In August 1762, Suvorov received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, from 1763 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. In 1764–1765, when the Suzdal regiment was in permanent quarters in Novaya Ladoga, he wrote the "Regimental Institution" - a manual on the training and education of troops. In 1768–1772 participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation, for military distinctions in 1770 Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general.

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. the detachment under the command of Suvorov inflicted several defeats on the superior forces of the Turks. Here he successfully used a new formation for that time - an attack in columns covered by a loose formation of rangers. Even more glorified his victory over 40 thousand. Turkish corps at Kozludzha, won at the very end of the war on June 8, 1774.

In August 1774, Suvorov was sent against E.I. Pugachev, but the rebels were defeated even before he arrived at the battlefield. In 1776–1787 Suvorov commanded troops in the Crimea, in the Kuban, then in the Vladimir, Petersburg and Kremenchug divisions. In 1786 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Suvorov was appointed to the post of chief of defense of the Kherson-Kinburn region. On October 1, 1787, troops under the command of Suvorov destroyed the Turkish landing force that landed on the Kinburn Spit. In 1788, Suvorov, as part of the Yekaterinoslav army, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin, participated in the siege of Ochakov, during which he was seriously wounded and out of action for a long time. Having recovered, Suvorov received a separate corps under his command. In 1789, the Russian commander defeated the Turkish troops in the battles near Focsani and Rymnik. On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the fortified fortress of Izmail.

After the end of hostilities, Suvorov commanded the Russian troops in Finland, supervised the construction of fortifications on the border with Sweden. In 1794 he took part in military operations against the Polish confederates. He led a successful assault on the right-bank suburb of the Polish capital of Prague, after which Warsaw capitulated. The keys to the surrendered city were handed over to A.V. Suvorov. For this brilliant operation, Suvorov was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal.

In 1795–1796 Suvorov was with the troops in Little Russia, in the city of Tulchin, where he wrote the book "The Science of Victory" - a treatise that outlined the principles of his victorious tactics and gave instructions on training and educating troops.

At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, he was temporarily disgraced for criticizing the changes carried out by the emperor in the army, reorganizing it according to the Prussian model. In February 1797, Suvorov was dismissed and exiled to one of the estates in the village. Konchanskoe. But in 1798, at the insistence of Russia's allies, he was returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian and Austrian troops in Northern Italy. During the Italian campaign of 1799, he defeated the French troops in battles on the river. Adde, on the river. Trebbia and at Novi, displacing the enemy from the Apennine Peninsula. After these victories, he planned to launch an invasion of France, but received an order to march on the Swiss campaign. For victorious actions in Italy and Switzerland A.V. Suvorov was elevated to the rank of generalissimo.

A.V. Suvorov died in St. Petersburg shortly after returning from the Swiss campaign. He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, where the inscription was carved on the tombstone: "Here lies Suvorov."
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744–1817)

The great Russian naval commander was born in the village. Burnakovo, Romanovsky district, Yaroslavl province, in a poor noble family. In 1766 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, then served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769, Ushakov was assigned to the Don (Azov) flotilla, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1775, Ushakov commanded a frigate, in 1780 he was appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but soon abandoned his court career. In 1780-1782, commanding the ship "Victor", Ushakov made several trips from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean, where he guarded Russian merchant ships from the piratical actions of the English fleet.

In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he supervised the construction of ships of the fleet in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship St. Paul.

In 1789, Ushakov was promoted to rear admiral, and in 1790 he was appointed commander of the entire Black Sea Fleet. Raising his flag on the ship "Saint Alexander", Ushakov moved the squadron to the shores of Asia Minor, where he bombarded the Turkish sea fortress of Sinop and destroyed more than 26 enemy ships. In 1790, the squadron under the command of Ushakov repulsed the attack of the Turkish fleet, which had a large numerical superiority, on Kerch and defeated it near Tendra Island. In the decisive battle at Cape Kaliakria near Varna (July 31, 1791), the fleet under the command of Ushakov destroyed the Turkish fleet, which led to an early end to the war.

F.F. Ushakov is the creator of new naval tactics. Ushakov's main tactics were: approaching the enemy squadron so that each core hit exactly on target; swift and sudden attack in marching order; inflicting the main blow on the flagships of the enemy; the allocation of a reserve ("Kaiser-flag squadron"), intended for a decisive attack on the enemy; a combination of aimed artillery fire from a short distance with the speed of maneuver; resolute and relentless pursuit of the enemy. Ushakov took care of the high combat skills of officers and lower ranks, of their upbringing and way of life.

In 1793, Ushakov received the rank of vice admiral. In 1798, at the request of the Western powers, he led the campaign of the Russian Black Sea squadron to the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France. At the beginning of 1799, Russian landing forces liberated the Greek Ionian Islands from the French, and an impregnable fortress on about. Corfu. Ushakov founded the Greek Orthodox Republic of the Seven Islands in the Ionian Islands. In the spring of 1799, Ushakov's squadron began the expulsion of the French from southern Italy. Russian landings took part in the capture of Naples, Rome, and other Italian cities. Austria and England repeatedly violated their allied obligations to Russia. Therefore, Ushakov's squadron was recalled by Emperor Paul I from the Mediterranean Sea and in the autumn of 1800 returned to Sevastopol.

Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, did not recognize or appreciate the great merits of the Russian admiral. In 1802, Ushakov was appointed to the third-rank positions of the chief commander of the Baltic Rowing Fleet, long outdated, and the head of naval teams in St. Petersburg, who was in charge of the modest maritime economy of the capital. In 1807, Ushakov was dismissed due to illness. Ushakov lived in his small Tambov estate. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Tambov nobility elected him the leader of the militia of the Tambov province, but, being seriously ill, Ushakov did not accept this position. He died on his estate. He was buried in the Sanaksar Monastery near the town of Temnikov. In 2001, he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church with the rank of righteous warrior, invincible Admiral of the Russian Fleet. Days of church memory - July 23 (August 5) and October 2 (15).

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.bestreferat.ru were used.

Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, infantry general. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars. Service began in the "amusing" troops of Peter l. Member of the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Training in military affairs on the orders of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698, he drew up the "Military Regulations", which provided for and strictly described the duties of military officials. Participated in the drafting of the "Military Regulations" of 1716. During the Northern War, he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was taken prisoner and stayed there until 1710. He also commanded a division in the Prut campaign. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, Mecklenburg. Particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. From 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.

Greig Samuil Karlovich(1736-1788) - military commander, admiral (1782). Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy

Sciences (1783). A native of Scotland. He served as a volunteer in the English Navy. In Russia since 1764. He was accepted into the service as a captain of the 1st rank. He commanded a number of warships of the Baltic Fleet. During the Mediterranean expedition of the squadron of Admiral G. A. Spiridov, he was an adviser on maritime affairs to A. G. Orlov. In the Battle of Chesme, he commanded a detachment that destroyed the Turkish fleet, for which he was awarded the hereditary nobility. In 1773-1774. commanded a new squadron sent from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea. In May 1775, he delivered Princess Tarakanova, captured by A. G. Orlov, to St. Petersburg. Since 1777 - the head of the naval division. In 1788 he was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. He defeated the Swedes in the Gogland naval battle. He made a great contribution to the rearmament of the Russian fleet, the reconstruction of ports and naval bases.

Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began his service as an ensign in 1759. Then - the adjutant wing of P.I. Shuvalov, adjutant general of Uncle Peter III - Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / From 1763 - commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in battles near Khotyn (1769), at Larga (1770), Cahul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in Ukraine. Then he was Ryazan and Tambov governor-general, inspector-general (1787-1796). In November 1790 he was appointed commander of the Kuban corps and head of the Caucasian line. At the head of a 7,000-strong detachment, he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the accession to Russia of the territory of Dagestan. In 1796 retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. Since 1798 - Kyiv, then Podolsk Governor-General. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800, for criticizing the military reform of Paul I, he was dismissed. In 1806, Mr.. again returned to service and was appointed commander in chief of troops in Georgia and Dagestan. From 1809 - Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, member of the Indispensable (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. Since 1812 - retired.

Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military commander, general-in-chief, brother of N.I. Panin. During the Seven Years' War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, proving himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd army, stormed the fortress of Vendora. In 1770, he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.

Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military figure, field marshal general (1725). One of Peter's companions!. From 1685 - lieutenant of "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - major general. Member of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of a regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was restored to the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.

Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military figure and diplomat, field marshal general (1796). Served as an officer since 1749. Member of the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763. ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770, he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, participated in the development of the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace. In 1775-1776. ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of G. A. Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.

Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725-1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770), count (1744). Enlisted in the guard at the age of six, from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743 he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo peace treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. Then, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years' War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself near Gross-Jegersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - general-in-chief. After the overthrow of Peter III - in disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian College and Governor-General of Little Russia (remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 he was given the honorary title Zadunaisky. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791. commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander in chief of the army in Poland. An outstanding military theorist - "Instructions" (1761), "Rite of Service" (1770), "Thoughts" (1777).

Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. Member of the Seven Years' War. Since 1762 - major general. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - general-in-chief, vice-president of the Military Collegium and trustee of the heir Pavel Petrovich. From 1783 he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Konstantin and Alexander. From 1788 - and. about. President of the Military College. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802. - President of the Military College. In 1807 - the head of the militia. In 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.

Saltykov Petr Semenovich(1696-1772) - military figure, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). Military training began under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 1930s. Since 1734 - major general. Participated in hostilities in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, he commanded landmilitia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved to be an outstanding commander, having won victories over the Prussian troops near Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed governor-general of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.

Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the Navy since 1723. Sailed on the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic Seas. Since 1741 - the commander of the battleship. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739, the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - Rear Admiral. Since 1764 - the chief commander of the Revel, and since 1766 - the Kronstadt port. Since 1769 - the commander of the squadron, which made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. He successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Strait of Chios (1770) and in the Battle of Chesma (1770). In 1771-1773. commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742, he was enrolled in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment. He began his service in it as a corporal in 1748. In 1760-1761. in the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761 participated in the fighting against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. Since 1773 - on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won the first victory at Turtukay, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774, he put to flight the 40,000th army of the Turks at Kozludzha, having only 18 thousand people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. in the rank of general-in-chief he was appointed commander of the corps. In 1787, he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Focsani and Rymnik. In 1790, he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm. From 1791 - commander of troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. Participated in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he compiled his main military book, The Science of Victory, in which he formulated the essence of the tactics he used as a well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia's allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander of the allied forces in Italy, where, through his efforts, the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French in just six months. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, he undertook the most difficult campaign in Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was dismissed again. Died in exile.

Rules of War by D. V. Suvorov

1. Act only offensively. 2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; steel arms. 3. Methodism is not needed, but a correct military outlook. 4. Full power to the commander in chief. 5. Beat and attack the enemy in the field. 6. Don't waste time in sieges; maybe some Mainz, like a storage point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, and best of all, an open assault. - There is less loss. 7. Never split forces to occupy points. Bypassed the enemy - so much the better: he goes to defeat ... End of 1798-1799 Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799) .. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. He served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788 the vanguard of the Black Sea squadron headed by him played a decisive role in the victory over the Turkish fleet at about. Fidonisi. From 1789 - Rear Admiral. From 1790 - Commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), near about. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - Vice Admiral. He led the campaign of the military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean. In 1799, he stormed the fortress on about. Corfu. During the Italian campaign of Suvorov (1799) he contributed to the expulsion of the French from southern Italy, blockading their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding landings that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was withdrawn at the request of the Allies in 1800. Since 1807 - retired.

Russian commanders of the 18th century

Perevezentsev S. V., Volkov V. A.

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tauride (1739-1791)

The future Most Serene Prince of Tauride and Field Marshal General was born in the village. Chizhovo, Dukhovishchensky district, Smolensk province, in the family of a retired officer. In 1755 he entered the military service. In the rank of sergeant-major, he participated in the palace coup of 1762, and after the accession of Empress Catherine II, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, and was awarded the court rank of chamber junker. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. participated in the battles of Focsani, Brailov, Ryaba Mohyla, Larga and Cahul. In 1774, he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium. The rapid rise of G.A. Potemkin was facilitated by a close acquaintance with Empress Catherine II, who appreciated his talent as an organizer and diligence in service. In 1766, he was appointed governor-general of Novorossiysk, Azov, and Astrakhan. While in this post, he contributed to the development of the Northern Black Sea region by Russia, contributed to the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, on the initiative of Potemkin, the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated. In 1783, he implemented his project of joining the Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Tauride, and in 1784 he was appointed president of the Military Collegium. In this post, he carried out a number of measures aimed at a more rational organization of the service, significantly changed the equipment of military personnel. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. G.A. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Yekaterinoslav army. The Black Sea Fleet was placed under his control. In 1788, he led the siege and assault of the strategically important fortress of Achi-Kale (Ochakov), which fell on December 6, 1788. Later, having chosen the city of Yassy for his headquarters, the commander-in-chief directed the actions of the army and navy from there. Among the subordinates of G.A. Potemkin were outstanding Russian military leaders and naval commanders A.V. Suvorov, N.V. Repnin, F.F. Ushakov.

Samuil Karlovich Greig (1735-1788)

Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809)

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800)

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the famous Russian commander, Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).

Born in the family of General-in-Chief V.I. Suvorov. In 1742, he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, but he began to fulfill his duties only in 1748, with the rank of corporal. In 1754 he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Ingermanland Infantry Regiment. During the Seven Years' War 1756-1763. participated in the battles of Kunersdorf, near Frankfurt an der Oder, in the capture of Berlin and the siege of Kolberg.

In August 1762, Suvorov received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, from 1763 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. In 1764-1765, when the Suzdal regiment was in permanent quarters in Novaya Ladoga, he wrote "Regimental Institution" - a manual on the training and education of troops. In 1768-1772. participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation, for military distinctions in 1770 Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general.

In August 1774, Suvorov was sent against E.I. Pugachev, but the rebels were defeated even before he arrived at the battlefield. In 1776-1787. Suvorov commanded troops in the Crimea, in the Kuban, then in the Vladimir, Petersburg and Kremenchug divisions. In 1786 he was promoted to the rank of general-in-chief.

In 1795-1796. Suvorov was with the troops in Little Russia, in the city of Tulchin, where he wrote the book "The Science of Victory" - a treatise that outlined the principles of his victorious tactics and gave instructions on training and educating troops.

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744-1817)

In 1783 Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he led the construction of ships of the fleet in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the battleship St. Paul.

Perevezentsev S. V., Volkov V. A.

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tauride (1739–1791)

Samuil Karlovich Greig (1735–1788)

Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726–1809)

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730–1800)

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the famous Russian commander, Count Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799), Generalissimo (1799).

In August 1762, Suvorov received the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, from 1763 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. In 1764-1765, when the Suzdal regiment was in permanent quarters in Novaya Ladoga, he wrote "Regimental Institution" - a manual on the training and education of troops. In 1768–1772 participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation, for military distinctions in 1770 Suvorov was promoted to the rank of major general.

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744–1817)

Siberian State Technological University

Abstract:
By history

Topic:
Russian commanders of Russia 18-19 centuries.

Made by student:
Markov Stanislav V.
Course 1; group 11-1
Teacher:
Kuzmenko Alexandra S.

2011
Content:

Rumyantsev - Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich (1725 - 1796)

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich (1744 - 1817)

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806 - 1854)

Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich (1802 - 1855)

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 - 1800)

One of the most famous Russian commanders is Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Generalissimo, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy.
Suvorov began active military service in 1748 as a soldier. Six years later he was awarded the first officer rank - lieutenant. He received his baptism of fire in the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 1763, where the future great commander of Russia gained vast experience in managing the army, learning about its capabilities.
In August 1762, Suvorov was appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. And from next year, he already commanded the Suzdal Infantry Regiment. At this time, he created his famous "Regimental Institution" - an instruction containing the basic provisions and rules for the education of soldiers, internal service and combat training of troops.
In 1768 - 1772, with the rank of brigadier and major general, Alexander Vasilyevich participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the gentry of the Bar Confederation. Commanding a brigade and separate detachments, Suvorov made swift forced marches and won brilliant victories near Orekhovo, Landskrona, Zamosc and Stolovichi, captured the Krakow castle.
In 1773, Suvorov was transferred to the active army, which participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. He was appointed to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, where he began to command a separate detachment, with which he made two successful campaigns across the Danube and defeated large Turkish forces at Turtukai in 1773 and at Kozludzha in 1774.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, Suvorov led the defense of the Kherson-Kinburn region, which was threatened by the Turks from the sea and from the fortress of Ochakov. On October 1, 1787, Suvorov's troops destroyed the many thousands of enemy troops that had landed on the Kinburn Spit. The commander personally participated in the battle, was wounded.
The year 1789 gave him two victories, brilliant in military leadership, at Focsani and at Rymnik. For the victory on the Rymnik River, he was awarded the highest military order of Russia - St. George, 1st degree.
On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov captured the strongest Turkish fortress of Izmail, and the attackers were numerically
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yielded to the enemy garrison. This battle has no equal in world history, being the pinnacle of the military glory of an outstanding commander.
In 1795 - 1796 Suvorov commanded troops in Ukraine. During this time, he wrote his famous Science of Victory. With the accession of Paul I, Alexander Vasilyevich opposed the introduction of Prussian orders alien to the Russian army, which caused the emperor and the court to be hostile towards him. In February 1797, the commander was dismissed and exiled to his estate Konchanskoe. The link lasted for about two years.

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 - 1974)

The most famous commander of the war of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany and its satellites was Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov 1896 - 1974, Marshal of the Soviet Union, four times Hero of the Soviet Union.
Since 1915, he has been in the Russian army, a participant in the First World War, a non-commissioned officer, and was awarded two St. George's crosses. In the Red Army since 1918. During the Civil War, a Red Army soldier, platoon and cavalry squadron commander. Participated in battles on the Eastern, Western and Southern fronts, in the elimination of banditry.
After the Civil War, he commanded a cavalry squadron, regiment and brigade. Since 1931, assistant inspector of the Red Army cavalry, then commander of the 4th Cavalry Division. Since 1937, the commander of the 3rd cavalry corps, since 1938 - the 6th cavalry corps. In July 1938 he was appointed deputy commander of the Belarusian Special Military District.
In July 1939, Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1st Army Group of Soviet Forces in Mongolia. Together with the Mongolian army, the encirclement and defeat of a large grouping of Japanese troops on the Khalkhin Gol River was carried out. For the skillful leadership of the operation and the courage shown, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Since July 1940, Zhukov commanded the troops of the Kyiv Special Military District. From January to July 30, 1941 - Chief of the General Staff - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.
Zhukov's leadership talent was revealed during the Great Patriotic War. From June 23, 1941, he was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. From August 1942 - First Deputy People's

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Commissar of Defense of the USSR and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin.
As a representative of the Headquarters, in the first days of the war, he organized a counterattack on the Southwestern Front in the area of the city of Brody, thereby frustrating the intention of the Nazis with their mobile units to break through to Kyiv on the move. In August - September 1941, General Zhukov commanded the troops of the Reserve Front and carried out the Yelninskaya offensive operation. And in September of the same year he was appointed commander of the Leningrad Front.

Matvey Ivanovich Platov (1753 - 1818)

Matvey Ivanovich Platov - Count, cavalry general, Cossack. Participated in all wars of the late 18th - early 19th century. Since 1801 - chieftain of the Don Cossack army. Participated in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, he first commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, had successful business with the enemy near the town of Mir and Romanovo. During the retreat of the French army, Platov, relentlessly pursuing her, inflicted defeats on Gorodnya, the Kolotsk Monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaimishcha, near Dukhovshchina and while crossing the Vop River. For merit he was elevated to the dignity of a count. In November, Platov occupied Smolensk from battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney near Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813 he entered the borders of Prussia and overlaid Danzig; in September, he received command of a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814 he fought at the head of his regiments in the capture of Nemur, at Arcy-sur-Aube, Cezanne, Villeneuve.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771 - 1829)

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky - Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. For thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After the feat near Saltanovka, he became one of the most popular generals of the Russian army. The struggle for the Raevsky battery was one of the key episodes of the Borodino battle. When in 1795 the Persian army invaded the territory of Georgia, and, fulfilling its obligations under the Treaty of St. George, the Russian government declared war on Persia. In March 1796
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The Nizhny Novgorod regiment as part of the corps of V. A. Zubov went on a 16-month campaign to Derbent. In May, after ten days of siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In difficult mountainous conditions, Raevsky showed his best qualities: "The 23-year-old commander managed to maintain full order of battle and strict military discipline during the exhausting campaign."

Boris Petrovich Sheremetiev (1652 - 1719)

Boris Petrovich Sheremetiev - Count, Field Marshal General. Member of the Crimean, Azov. He commanded an army in a campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In the battle at Eresfer, in Livonia, a detachment under his command defeated the Swedes, defeated Schlippenbach's army at Hummelshof (5 thousand killed, 3 thousand prisoners). The Russian flotilla forced the Swedish ships to leave the Neva for the Gulf of Finland. In 1703, he took Noteburg, and then Nienschanz, Koporye, and Yamburg. In Estonia, Sheremetev B.P. occupied by Wesenberg. Sheremetev B.P. besieged Dorpat, which surrendered on July 13, 1704. During the Astrakhan uprising Sheremetev B.P. was sent by Peter I to suppress it. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. took Astrakhan.

Rumyantsev - Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich (1725 - 1796)

Count since 1744, Russian commander, field marshal general in 1770. The son of an associate of Peter 1 A. I. Rumyantsev. As a child, he was enrolled in the guard, in 1740 he was promoted to officer, and during the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-43 he was in the army with his father. He brought to St. Petersburg the text of the Abo Peace Treaty of 1743, for which he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. During the Seven Years' War of 1756-63, he successfully commanded a brigade near Gross-Jegersdorf in 1757 and a division in the Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759. Commanding a corps, he led the siege and capture of the Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) fortress in 1761. In 1764-1796, the president of the Little Russian College and the governor-general of Little Russia, actively pursued a policy of eliminating the autonomy of Ukraine, introduced a poll tax in 1783, extended the validity of the Charter to the nobility of 1785 to Ukraine. army. In the summer of 1770, he defeated the superior forces of the Turks at the Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul and occupied the left bank of the lower Danube, and in 1774, with a successful attack on Shumla, forced Turkey to conclude Kyuchuk-
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Peace of Kainardzhy in 1774. In 1775 he received an honorary addition to his surname - Zadunaisky and was appointed commander of the heavy cavalry. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-91, he commanded the 2nd Army, came into conflict with the commander-in-chief G. A. Potemkin and actually removed himself from command. In 1794 he was nominally listed as the commander-in-chief of the army operating against Poland, but due to illness he did not leave the estate. Activity R.-Z. as a commander, to a large extent determined the development of Russian military art in the second half of the 18th century. Already during the Seven Years' War, R.-Z. initiated the introduction of deep battle formations, he was the first to use battalion columns for maneuvering on the battlefield and attack, light battalions (future rangers) were created, operating in loose formation, which meant the birth of a new tactic. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 74 R.-Z. purposefully pursued the principle of decisive battle as the main way to achieve victory. His military art was characterized by the use of mobile squares, a skillful combination of frontal and flank attacks, the creation and use of tactical reserves, and the organization of interaction between military branches. He attached particular importance to the massive and swift strikes of the light cavalry. Much attention to R.-Z. devoted to the material support and education of soldiers. R. outlined his ideas in Instructions (1761), Rite of Service (1770) and Thoughts (1777), they were used in the development of regulations and the reorganization of the Russian army in the second half of the 18th century.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813)

Bunzlau, now Boleslavets, Poland, buried in St. Petersburg, in the Kazan Cathedral], Russian commander, field marshal general August 31, 1812. Born into the family of an engineer - lieutenant general. He graduated with honors from the Noble Artillery School in 1759 and was left with her as a teacher of mathematics. In 1761 he was promoted to warrant officer and appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment. From 1762 adjutant of the Revel governor-general, in 1764-65 he commanded small detachments in operations against the Polish confederates. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 74 - in staff positions, he participated in the battles at the Ryaba Mogila, Larga, Cahul, etc. In 1774, near Alushta, he was seriously wounded in the temple and right eye. In 1784 he was promoted to major general and he was entrusted with the formation of the Bug Chasseur Corps, with which he participated in the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war.
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1787 - 91. K. was a student and colleague of A. V. Suvorov. In December 1790, K., commanding the 6th column, participated in the assault on Izmail, then in the battles of Babadag and Machin. In 1792 - 1794 he headed the emergency Russian embassy in Constantinople, having managed to achieve a number of foreign policy and trade advantages for Russia. In 1794 the director of the land gentry cadet corps, in 1795 - 99 the commander and inspector of troops in Finland, carried out a number of diplomatic missions (negotiations with Prussia and Sweden). In 1798 he was promoted to general of infantry. Was Lithuanian 1799 - 1801 and St. Petersburg 1801 - 02 military governor. In 1802, K., having fallen into disgrace, retired from the army and was retired. In August 1805, during the Russo-Austrian-French War of 1805, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army, sent to help Austria. Having learned during the campaign about the surrender of the Austrian army, General K. Mack near Ulm, K. undertook the famous march maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz and skillfully withdrew Russian troops from the blow of superior enemy forces, winning victories at Amstetten and Krems during the retreat. The plan of action proposed by K. against Napoleon was not accepted by Alexander I and his Austrian military advisers. Despite the objections of K., who was actually removed from the leadership of the Russian-Austrian troops, the allied monarchs (Alexander 1I and Franz 1) gave Napoleon the general Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, which ended in the victory of the French. Although K. managed to save the retreating Russian troops from complete defeat, he fell into disgrace of Alexander I and was appointed to secondary posts: the Kyiv military governor 1806 - 07, the commander of the corps in the Moldavian army in 1808, the Lithuanian military governor 1809 - 11. In the conditions of the impending war with Napoleon and the need to end the protracted war of 1806-12 with Turkey, the tsar was forced on March 7, 1811 to appoint K. commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army. K. abandoned the previous system of warfare, which was limited to the capture and holding of fortresses and cordon disposition of troops. He created movablecorps and began the spring campaign of 1811 active operations. On July 22, near Ruschuk, Russian troops won a major victory, and in October, K., having successfully implemented the strategic plan developed by him, surrounded and captured the entire Turkish army near Slobodzeya. For this victory, he received the title of count on October 29, 1811. Being an experienced diplomat, K. achieved the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, which was beneficial for Russia, for which he received the title of Most Serene Prince on July 29, 1812. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812
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was elected head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. After the Russian troops left Smolensk, K. was appointed commander-in-chief on August 8. Arriving in the army on August 17, K. decided to give a general battle on August 26 to Napoleon's troops near Borodino. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, the French army did not achieve victory, but the strategic situation and the lack of forces did not allow France to launch a counteroffensive. In an effort to save the army, K. surrendered Moscow to Napoleon without a fight and, having made a bold flank march from the Ryazan road to the Kaluga road, stopped at the Tarutinsky camp, where he replenished the troops and organized partisan de
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