How old was Arina Rodionovna's nanny. From the pedigree of Arina Rodionovna
The birth of Arina Yakovleva falls on April 10 (21), 1758. The “main nanny of the country” grew up in the village of Lampovo in a large family. Serfs Rodion Yakovlev and his wife Lukerya Kirillova raised seven children. At birth, the parents gave the girl the name Irina, but at home they began to call her Arina. In those days, the serfs did not have surnames, and were named after their father, that is, in fact, the real name and surname of Arina is Irina Yakovleva. The girl knew all the sad sides of a poor, hungry childhood in a serf family.
Acquaintance with the poet's family
In 1759, Pushkin's great-grandfather A.P. Hannibal bought the villages together with the people from Count F.Ya. Apraksin. The Yakovlevs lived very poorly, and the girl asked for a job as a nanny. In 1792, Pushkin's grandmother M.A. Hannibal took her to the house to nurse her nephew Alexei. After the birth of Olga, the first granddaughter of Maria Gannibal, Arina moved to the Pushkins' house to work. Olga was several years older than her famous brother, so they shared the nanny one for two. With the warmest words, Olga Sergeevna recalled Arina as a simple and devoted person with an open, primordially Russian soul.
At the age of 23, Arina married Fyodor Matveev, a simple peasant who later died of an addiction to alcohol. All this time until 1811, before young Alexander entered the lyceum, the nanny spent with her beloved "angel", as she called the poet. In 1818, when her grandmother Maria died, Arina continued to live with the Pushkin family in St. Petersburg, and in the summer, together with her pet Sasha, she went to Mikhailovskoye. The nanny surrounds Alexander with care and love, which deserves a second affectionate appeal: "mommy."
The role of the nurse in the creative life of the poet
In literature, A. S. Pushkin never addressed Arina by name and patronymic, he always affectionately wrote: “nanny”. The image of the nanny in the legendary work "Eugene Onegin" was written off from her. Alexander was always very kind to his nurse, wrote tender letters to her and dedicated poems. Arina Rodionovna was a teacher, friend, guardian for the poet. And in his childhood, lulling him in a crib, and in the difficult years of exile, this brave woman always took care of him and loved him with all her heart.
Alexander often recalled how he loved to listen to her sayings and fairy tales. It's amazing how many of them the simple Russian soul kept in itself, and how she knew how to tell them! Undoubtedly, it was this woman who helped the poet take the first step into great literary creativity. Even Alexander himself admitted, having become a famous person, that acquaintance with folk art plays a huge role in a thorough knowledge of the Russian language. Fate itself decreed that a simple woman from the people could influence the creative development of the personality of the great poet.
Around the image of the legendary Arina Rodionovna - the nanny of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - there were many different rumors and legends. Despite the fact that the famous pupil himself always spoke of this respected woman with sincere love and gratitude, some Pushkinists and the poet's contemporaries noted amazing and even contradictory moments in the biography and character of the nanny, whose name became a household name.
Izhorka or Chukhonka?
Arina Rodionovna (1758-1828) was a peasant serf. She was born in the village of Lampovo, Petersburg province, not far from the village of Suyda. Her parents Lukerya Kirillova and Rodion Yakovlev raised seven children. The real name of the girl was Irina (or Irinya), but in the family she was always called Arina, and so it happened.
Despite the fact that officially in the 18th century almost all the serfs of the St. Petersburg province were considered Russian, the majority of the inhabitants of those places, in fact, were representatives of assimilated Finno-Ugric nationalities. The environs of Suida were inhabited mainly by Izhors - the descendants of one of the tribes of the people, who bore the name "Chud". In addition to them, Chukhons also lived on these lands.
Historians and Pushkin scholars do not have exact information to which of these Finno-Ugric nationalities, completely mixed with Russians and not preserved, Arina Rodionovna belonged. But some of the tales she told to her famous pupil have a distinct northern flavor. Even the image of an oak standing near Lukomorye clearly echoes the Scandinavian legends about the Yggdrasil tree, which connects different levels of the universe.
From a family of Old Believers?
Some historians note that families of Old Believers have long lived in the vicinity of the village of Suyda in the St. Petersburg province. Many of these people hid their religious views so as not to be persecuted by the official church.
In addition to the fact that Arina Rodionovna was born in the places of the traditional settlement of the Old Believers, her origin from this environment is also indicated by the information contained in the letter of A.S. Pushkin to his friend P.A. Vyazemsky on November 9, 1826. So, the great poet writes: “My nanny is hilarious. Imagine that at the age of 70 she memorized a new prayer "For the tenderness of the heart of the lord and the taming of the spirit of his ferocity", probably composed during the reign of Tsar Ivan. Now her priests are tearing up a prayer service ... "
The simple fact that Arina Rodionovna knew by heart or learned from somewhere a rare ancient prayer that existed even before the split of the Orthodox Church may indicate her close communication or kinship with the Old Believers. After all, only they so reverently preserved religious texts, many of which were lost by the official church.
Serf without a surname
Arina Rodionovna did not have a last name, like many serfs. Although her parent is recorded in church registers as Yakovlev, and her husband as Matveev, these were not names, but patronymics. In those days, Peter, the son of Ivan, was called Peter Ivanov, and the grandson of the same Ivan did not inherit the surname of his grandfather, but was called after his father - Petrov.
However, Irina, the daughter of a peasant, Rodion Yakovlev, is indicated in the birth record. There is also information about the wedding of Irinya Rodionova and Fyodor Matveev in the church book of the village of Suyda. These facts confused many researchers who mistakenly called Pushkin's nanny Yakovleva as a girl, and Matveeva as a wife.
mother of four children
Some people believe that Arina Rodionovna did not have her own family, and therefore she was strongly attached to her pupil. However, this was not the case. In 1781, a 22-year-old peasant woman got married and moved to the village of Kobrino, Sofia district, where her husband Fyodor Matveev (1756-1801), who was two years older than his young wife, lived.
Four children were born in this marriage. The eldest son of the legendary nanny was called Yegor Fedorov. In the revision tale for 1816, he is listed as the head of the family, since he was the eldest man in the house of the widowed mother.
And the husband of Arina Rodionovna died at the age of 44. Some sources claim that from drunkenness.
Drinker
All posts by A.S. Pushkin about his nanny are imbued with special warmth and gratitude. But some people who knew this woman pointed out that Arina Rodionovna liked to knock over a glass or two from time to time.
So, the poet Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov wrote in his memoirs: "... she was an affectionate, caring troublemaker, an inexhaustible storyteller, and sometimes a cheerful drinking companion." This man, who knew his friend's nanny well, noted that despite her fullness, she was always a mobile and energetic woman.
Quite frankly, a neighbor of the great poet on the estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye also spoke about Arina Rodionovna. The noblewoman Maria Ivanovna Osipova left the following entry in her memoirs: "... an extremely respectable old woman, all gray-haired, but with one sin - she loved to drink."
Perhaps in the poem "Winter Evening" A.S. Pushkin, it is far from accidental that the following lines appeared:
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
Although there is no other information that this respected woman ever drank or (God forbid!) introduced her famous pupil to alcohol, does not exist.
Folk storyteller
It is unlikely that any of the Pushkinists would deny that Arina Rodionovna had a noticeable influence on the work of the great poet. Some historians call her a real folk storyteller - an inexhaustible storehouse of ancient legends, legends and myths.
Becoming an adult, A.S. Pushkin realized what an invaluable national and cultural asset fairy tales were, which his dear nanny knew by heart. In 1824-1826, while in exile, the great poet took advantage of the moment to once again listen and write down the magical stories about Tsar Saltan, about the golden cockerel, about the Lukomorye, about the dead princess and the seven heroes, as well as many others. The author breathed new life into these tales, bringing them his literary gift and poetic look.
At the beginning of November 1824 A.S. Pushkin wrote to his younger brother Lev Sergeevich from the village of Mikhailovsky that he was engaged in writing until lunch, then he rides, and in the evening he listens to fairy tales, thereby making up for the shortcomings of his education. Probably, the poet meant that at the beginning of the 19th century, the nobles did not study oral folk art at all.
“What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem! exclaimed the poet in a letter to his brother.
As the Pushkinists established, according to their nanny A.S. Pushkin also recorded ten folk songs and several expressions that seemed very interesting to him.
Yakov Seryakov. Bas-relief portrait of Arina Rodionovna, 1840s. Image from hohmodrom.ru
A person who does good, good deeds, himself can perceive his activity in different ways. One is so simply bursting with pride, he wants to inflate his chest more abruptly so that more medals for charity fit there. The other is calm, so he chuckles into his mustache. The third one does not even chuckle - he tries so that no one knows about it at all.
But this is not an extreme. It is possible throughout your life to actually accomplish a civic feat and not even understand it. That was exactly what Arina Rodionovna, the nanny of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was like.
Rodionov, but not Yakovlev
Many write that Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva was born in 1758 at the Suyda manor in the St. Petersburg province. It is not true. Arina Rodionovna has never been any Yakovleva. Surnames were not supposed to be serfs. Just Arina Rodionova daughter. According to other sources - Irina, Irinya.
The surname Yakovleva arose after the death of the old woman. It was invented by Pushkin scholars, who are inclined to exalt everything that is connected with their idol, and at the same time with an unshakable source of income. Well, not quite, of course, they came up with - the father of the nanny, a serf, bore the proud name of Rodion Yakovlev son. In fact, Jacob was the grandfather of the nanny, and you need to have the richest imagination to turn the grandfather's name into a surname.
However, some researchers go further and assign another surname to the nanny, allegedly received during the wedding. Nee Yakovleva, and married Matveeva. In fact, her husband - also a serf - was called Fyodor Matveev son.
The word “son” was sometimes omitted for brevity, which is why the scanty, devoid of suffix patronymic names really looked like surnames, but they were not at all like that.
In any case, Fyodor Matveev died two years after Pushkin's birth (if anyone does not remember, it was in 1799), presumably from overzealous drunkenness. Before that, he managed to accustom his wife to a glass - the respectful attitude of the legendary nanny to alcohol was noted by many contemporaries.
Here, for example, are the memoirs of Maria Ivanovna Osipova, a neighbor on Mikhailovsky: “The old woman is extremely respectable, all gray-haired, but with one sin - she loved to drink.”
Yes, and Alexander Sergeevich himself did not say in vain: “Let's drink from grief; where is the mug? In his poems, in principle, there are no random words.
Nanny with experience
Drawing by A. S. Pushkin, presumably depicting Arina Rodionovna in her youth and old age (1828).
Our heroine's career as a nanny began almost immediately after the wedding: she raised Pushkin's mother, Nadezhda Osipovna Gannibal, and then her children. In 1792, Arina Rodionovna was called to take care of little Alexei, the uncle of the unborn poet.
The nanny came out nice and, as a recognition of services, three years later she was given her own hut, and two years later they were taken into the Pushkin family as not only a relative, but a very close person. In any case, when in 1807 the Hannibals sold their St. Petersburg lands, this did not affect the nanny in any way - she had long been assigned not to the land, but to the owners.
In a word, by the time the future great poet was born, Arina Rodionovna had the experience of a nanny. But for some reason, it was for Sasha that she experienced the most ardent, one might say, selfless love.
Pushkin was for her, as they say, the light in the window. And he, of course, reciprocated her, calling the nanny "mom". Subsequently, he wrote: “In the evening I listen to the tales of my nanny, the original nanny Tatyana ... She is my only friend - and with her only I am not bored.”
Anna Kern complained that Pushkin "truly loved no one but his nanny." And the publicist Yevgeny Poselyanin wrote about the death of his nanny: “He became an orphan without her, because no one loved him as much as she did, with this - the most necessary and rarest in life - love, giving everything and demanding nothing, love to which you can snuggle up and relax."
Outwardly, for all that, the nanny did not differ in mimicry. From the newfangled "year-olds" and "bubblers" as well as other "taste" it, perhaps, would have turned her out. Arina Rodionovna looked stern, she was inclined to grumble. Yes, it all came from the heart and from great love.
Pavel Annenkov, Pushkin's biographer, wrote: "The combination of good nature and grouchiness, a tender disposition for youth with feigned severity left an indelible impression in Pushkin's heart."
The poet himself wrote in the poem "... Again I visited ...":
Her simple speeches and advice
And reproaches full of love
They encouraged my weary heart
Quiet joy.
Apparently, those “reproaches full of love” were worth a lot.
And there was a painstaking watch:
Where I lived with my poor nanny.
Already the old woman is gone - already behind the wall
I do not hear her heavy steps,
Nor her painstaking watch.
The poem "... Again I visited ..." was written in 1835, a little more than a year before his death. It seems that at that moment Alexander Sergeevich believed that Arina Rodionovna would have been alive - she would have been able to protect him from all the high society misfortunes that had led the poet to the Black River.
An unexpected return to childhood
Painting by Nikolai Ge “A. S. Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky. Image from wikipedia.org
It was thanks to Arina Rodionovna that Pushkin managed not to become either an extreme Westernizer or an extreme Russophile. And similar trends in his era were in vogue. As a result, Alexander Sergeevich could admire Chaadaev - but at the same time pay tribute to Russian folklore, be a member of the English Club - but at the same time, in his own words, sell him for two hundred rubles.
In the European spirit, Pushkin was brought up by his secular uncle and the very environment in which the Pushkin-Hannibal family lived. At the other pole there was only Arina Rodionovna. And nothing, coped.
Alexander Sergeevich's sister wrote that the nanny "masterfully told fairy tales, knew popular beliefs and poured out proverbs and sayings."
The poet himself wrote in the poem "The confidante of magical antiquity ...":
You, rocking the cradle of a child,
My youthful ear captivated me with melodies
And between the sheets she left a flute,
Which she herself enchanted.
Education continued in 1824-1826, during Mikhailov's exile. The old nurse gladly kept him company. And Alexander Sergeevich again plunges into the world of Russian legends.
Pavel Annenkov wrote: "The whole fabulous Russian world was known to her as briefly as possible, and she conveyed it in an extremely original way."
Pushkin himself wrote to his brother in 1824: “Do you know my classes? before dinner I write notes, I have dinner late; after dinner I ride, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby reward the shortcomings of my accursed upbringing. What a delight these stories are! Each is a poem!
Near the seaside, the oak is green;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round...
And the prologue becomes far more famous than the poem itself. Hand on heart, how many remember the plot of Ruslan and Lyudmila itself? And everyone knows about the scientist cat with his golden chain.
Favorite babysitter
Big Boldino. Museum-reserve. Monument to A. S. Pushkin and Arina Rodionovna. Image from wikipedia.org
Little is known about the personality of Arina Rodionovna. And this constantly inspired researchers to all sorts of conjectures. Of course, they were not limited to attaching all sorts of surnames to it. Someone attributed to the uneducated nanny participation in secret societies - either Old Believer or pagan. The annual rings of the oak, around which the cat walked, were quite seriously compared with the Scandinavian philosophy of the universe.
All this, of course, is nonsense. By and large, Pushkin's nanny was not much different from the wanderer Feklusha from Alexander Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm. One has people with dog heads, the other has a talking cat. The difference is small.
Pushkin wrote to Pyotr Vyazemsky in 1826: “My nanny is hilarious. Imagine that at the age of 70 she memorized a new prayer "For the tenderness of the heart of the lord and the taming of the spirit of his ferocity", probably composed during the reign of Tsar Ivan. Now her priests are tearing up a prayer service.
Alexander Sergeevich really loved his nanny to the point of madness. It was she who went down in history as the main companion of the poet. And not, for example, Nikita Kozlov, "uncle", who also raised the poet from childhood, who was next to him throughout his life and in 1837, together with Sergei Turgenev, lowered the coffin with his body into the grave.
It is generally accepted that it was Arina Rodionovna who became the prototype for many of Pushkin's characters - Tatyana's nanny from "Eugene Onegin", Dubrovsky's nanny, Xenia's mother from "Boris Godunov" and a number of other ordinary Russian women.
The nanny died in 1828 in St. Petersburg at the age of 70. In the house of Arina Rodionovna in the village of Kobrino, a museum was opened in 1974.
Gorynina Alexandra 9 in class
The project reveals the role of Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and works of A.S. Pushkin
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MBOU "Rylskaya Secondary School No. 4"
Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin
The work of a student of the 9th "in" class
Gorynina Alexandra Alexandrovna
Project Manager:
Zalunina Tatyana Nikolaevna
Rylsk
2018
Introduction………………………………………………………………2
Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin……………………………………………………………………..3
1.1. Biography of Arina Rodionovna………………………………………………………………3
1.2. Tales of the nanny and A.S. Pushkin himself…………………………………………………………………….7
1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion……………………………………………………………13
References…………………………………………………...14
Introduction
Who does not know Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin? After all, he is one of the greatest poets of all times and peoples, if not the most. He is considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language. A. S. Pushkin became one of the main all-Russian national poets during his lifetime. I believe that anyone who has ever read at least one of his works, could not help but fall in love with his work. A significant role in the life of the writer and poet was played by his nanny Arina Rodionovna. Her beloved pupil always spoke of her with pure love and deep respect. Around the legendary, I would even say, the image of the great poet's nanny has arisen and there are many disputes, legends and rumors.
Target: to find out what influence Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva had on the life and work of A. S. Pushkin.
Tasks:
- To study the biography of Arina Rodionovna;
- Analyze the images of Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin to understand her role in his work;
- Find out the role of Arina Rodionovna in the life of A. S. Pushkin.
Hypothesis: Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva made a great contribution to the life and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin
1.1 Biography of Arina Rodionovna
Arina Rodionovna was born on April 10, 1758. For only one year she was a serf of Fyodor Alekseevich Apraksin. In 1759, the Suida estate and the villages closest to it, together with the peasants, were bought from Fedor Alekseevich by Pushkin's great-grandfather, A.P. Gannibal.
In ancient times, the birthplace of Alexander Sergeevich's nanny was called the Izhora land. These regions belonged to Veliky Novgorod and were part of the Vodskaya Pyatina. Most likely, the knowledge of fairy-tale and song material came from the ethnographic features of the homeland.
Arina Rodionovna's parents were Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna. They lived in the village of Voskresensky. The future nanny was the third child in the family. The oldest was her sister named Evdokia. The next in seniority was their brother Semyon.
In 1768, at the age of 10, Arina Rodionovna lost her father.
Rodion Yakovlev died at the age of thirty-nine, leaving a wife and seven children (two sons and five daughters). Since childhood, Arina Rodionovna was taught to work hard, but she also knew how to spin, weave, sew, embroider, knit and weave lace. She has been a needlewoman since childhood. Later, when she lives in the village of Mikhailovsky, she will teach needlework to all the girls of the estate.
In 1780, the elder brother of Arina Rodionovna Semyon married. It was her turn to get married. The future nanny remembered her difficult childhood in colors. The stories of Arina Rodionovna about her past were reflected in the work of Alexander Sergeevich, and in particular in the work "Eugene Onegin". Pushkin's nanny was the prototype of Tatyana's nanny, the main character of the novel. In the work, she was known under the name Filipyevna. In fact, that was the name of Arina Radionovna's grandmother. Full name - Nastasya Filippovna. Apparently this heroine was also created by Alexander Sergeevich under the impressions of the stories of the nanny. Indeed, Arina Rodionovna's grandmother was also married at the age of 13, just like the heroine of the novel.
“Let's talk about antiquity,” Tatiana insists in the third chapter of Eugene Onegin. I think that Alexander Sergeevich more than once turned to his nanny, “the confidante of magical antiquity”, “who kept in her memory a lot of old stories, fables ...”
They married Arina Rodionovna to a poor peasant named Fyodor Matveev. The relatives of the bride and groom were in a hurry to marry the young. Because the owner of these two villages Hannibal was dying. And after his death, the inheritance will be divided by his sons. And if Arina and Fedor are husband and wife, they will not be able to separate them.
Fedor, like his wife, was an orphan, and also did not have his own hut. In his village called Kobrino, rarely anyone lived in his own yard. One fortress yard consisted of three or more families. In 1782, Arina and Fyodor had a son, whom they named Yegor. Four years later, a daughter named Nadezhda was born. Two years later, daughter Maria was born. The last child in the family was a boy named Stephen, who was born in 1797.
The family of peasants lived in cramped quarters and not offended for about fourteen more years. After she was taken as a servant in the Pushkin-Hannibal family. In 1795, the grandmother of Alexander Sergeevich Maria Alekseevna presented a separate hut in Kobrin for the family of Arina Rodionovna. She knew Arina herself and her older sister well, so she took the first one to serve in the master's house.
Arina Rodionovna gave all her love to Alexander Sergeevich. She treated him like a mother.
Alexander Sergeevich truly appreciated and loved Arina Rodionovna. Growing up, the poet sketched a portrait of his nanny. He removed the wrinkles from his native face. He depicted her with a long braid in a sundress with a perky look. He presented her as she might have been as a girl.
The family of Arina Rodionovna, of course, was in a special disposition with the gentlemen, as the family of the nurse and nurse of the master's children. They were not given freedom, but they certainly were given some benefits: they were released for a certain time, the opportunity to earn money. Such relations between the master and the serfs were quite common.
In 1808, Nadezhda Fedorova, the daughter of Arina Rodionovna, lives with her in the Pushkins' house in Moscow. In 1816, her sons lived with her in the village of Mikhailovsky, as well as the wife of Yegor Agrafen with their daughter Katerina.
Maria Alekseevna was unable to give freedom to the children of Arina Rodionovna, but she was able to take care of them. In the village of Kobrino, there was a hut specially built for this family. In 1800, while selling the village with the peasants and all the buildings, Alexander Sergeevich's grandmother somehow managed to agree with the new owners that the husband and children of Arina Rodionovna would live in this hut. They were, of course, excluded from sale.
From 1824 to 1826, Arina Rodionovna lived with Alexander Sergeevich in the village of Mikhailovsky, where the poet was sent into exile. According to neighbors, Pushkin's nanny was a respectable old woman, with a full kind face, her hair was completely gray. Among the peasants of the estate, she also occupied a high place. Alexander Sergeevich loved his nanny with all his heart. Always extremely concerned about her health. After the expiration of the term of exile, Alexander Sergeevich left for St. Petersburg, and Arina Rodionovna remained the mistress of the estate. The sister of Alexander Sergeevich in 1828, against the will of her parents, married Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlishchev. Olga Sergeevna decides to take Arina Rodionovna to her place. Therefore, the last years of her life, the nanny spent in the house of her pupil.
Arina Rodionovna arrived at the Pavlishchev estate in March 1828. Before that, she last saw her son Yegor, granddaughter Katerina and other relatives. A few months later, the nanny died. For a very long time, the exact date of Arina Rodionovna's death was not known. The only thing we managed to find out was that she was buried at the Smolensk cemetery. And then the date of death became known - July 29, 1828.
Perhaps that is why Alexander Sergeevich did not like city cemeteries, knowing that his beloved nanny was buried in one of them? His experiences can be seen in the lines of the poems "Do I wander along the noisy streets" and "When outside the city, thoughtful, I wander."
Perhaps that is why in the eighth chapter of "Eugene Onegin", when the main character Tatyana's memories of the grave of her nanny are described, the poet wrote about it so touchingly?
A commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Smolensk cemetery during the June Pushkin Days of 1977. At the entrance to the cemetery, in a special niche on the marble, an inscription is carved: “Arina Rodionovna nanny A.S. is buried in this cemetery. Pushkin. 1758-1828."
1.2. Tales of the nanny and A. S. Pushkin himself
Arina Rodionovna knew truly folk tales, but she also knew the stories of serfs. The first fairy tales that she told Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin were called "The Tale of Bove the Cow", "Yeruslan Lazarevich". While studying at the Lyceum, Alexander Sergeevich wrote the poem "Dream".
Mental anguish magical healer,
My friend Morpheus, my old comforter!
I have always loved to sacrifice to you,
And you blessed the priest long ago:
Will I forget that golden time
Will I forget the blessed bliss of the hour,
When, in the corner in the evening, lurking,
I called and waited for you in peace...
I myself am not happy with my talkativeness,
But I love remembering my childhood.
Oh! I will keep silent about my mother,
About the charms of mysterious nights,
When in a cap, in an old robe,
She, evading the spirits with a prayer,
Cross me with zeal
And in a whisper it will tell me
About the dead, about the exploits of Bova...
I won’t move from horror, it happened,
Barely breathing, I'll snuggle up under the covers,
Feeling neither legs nor head.
Under the image of a simple clay night lamp
Slightly illuminated deep wrinkles,
Dragoy antique, great-grandmother's cap
And a long mouth, where two teeth chattered, -
Everything in the soul involuntary settled fear.
I trembled - and quietly at last
The languor of sleep fell on his eyes.
Then the crowd from the azure height
On a bed of roses winged dreams,
Wizards, sorceresses flew
My sleep was enchanted by deceptions.
I was lost in a fit of sweet thoughts;
In the wilderness of the forest, among the Murom desert
Met the dashing Polkanovs and Dobrynyas,
And a young mind rushed in fiction ...
Unfortunately, only a fragment of the poem, which Pushkin also wrote during his years of study at the Lyceum, "Bova", has survived. This story was very popular at the time. The plot was as follows: The stepfather of Bova the King imprisoned his stepson and wanted to execute him. But Bove is helped by an ordinary maid and he runs away. The rest of the time he travels, defeating his enemies. His assistant was a werewolf (half dog, half man) named Polkan. Bova marries a very beautiful daughter of the king, but was separated from her. He returned to the princess only when she was about to marry another. Then they separate again. Bova decides to marry another girl. But his children find him and report to their mother. In general, Alexander Sergeevich really liked this tale. Around 1822, he wanted to write a poem on this subject. But, to our regret, only drafts and excerpts have been preserved.
In 1820, Alexander Sergeevich finished his work on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". I think that he changed the name of the main character from Eruslan, which was also in one of the nanny's fairy tales. They also inspired him to create the sorcerer Finn. Such wizards are mentioned in northern tales. And Pushkin heard them from Arina Rodionovna.
Here's another example. "The tale of wonderful children and a slandered wife."
Plot: One king decided to marry. But he didn't like anyone. One day he accidentally overheard a conversation between three sisters. The eldest boasted that the state would feed with one grain, the second that the state would dress with one piece of cloth, the third that from the first year she would give birth to 33 sons. The king decided to marry his younger sister. The stepmother of the ruler was terribly jealous of the girl and, in the end, decided to ruin her. After nine months, the princess has now given birth to 34 boys. The last one was born unexpectedly.
Doesn't it remind you of anything? Of course, it reminds, because this is the basis of "The Tale of Tsar Saltan and his son, the brave and mighty hero, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess." In the fairy tale of Arina Rodionovna, the king's name was Sultan Sultanovich. In the Pushkin fairy tale, the Swan Princess has magical powers, and the nanny has 34 sons.
On the basis of another tale of the nanny, Pushkin created "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda." But I haven't found a single story similar to her.
It is also interesting that Arina Rodionovna named the main character exactly Balda, and not Ivan the Fool, as in many fairy tales.
Another tale served as a plot for writing "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs." Similar ones are very popular in European folklore, but with Arina Rodionovna it is a little peculiar. The content of similar tales is as follows: the evil stepmother, jealous of her stepdaughter, decided to destroy her. But the girl is sure to escape and live in the house of robbers, gnomes or dwarfs. The stepmother must try to kill her three times. The last time becomes fatal for the girl. She is placed in a coffin, but at the end of the tale she comes to life.
1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin
Recall Pushkin's poem "Winter Evening". By genre, it is a message, an appeal to the nanny. In this work, the lyrical hero understands that, like an attack of a bad mood, a snowstorm and a storm will subside, you just need to wait it out. The lyrical hero encourages his interlocutor - the nanny, tries to explain that there is no reason to be sad.
Or howling storms
You, my friend, are tired
Or slumber under the buzz
Your spindle?
He invites the nanny to remember the folk songs that she sang to him earlier and in which life is captured in bright colors. The poet offers the interlocutor another way to cheer up during bad weather
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
According to Pushkin, it is unnatural for the human heart to be in a state of depression and sadness, a person is created for happiness and love.
In another poem by the poet "Nanny" we hear lines filled with Pushkin's love for his old nanny. He calls her
Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
The poet describes the nurse's longing for him, but in these lines we hear Pushkin's longing for the woman who became his second mother.
Looking through the forgotten gates
On a black distant path;
Longing, forebodings, care
They squeeze your chest all the time.
Arina Rodionovna was also the prototype of Yegorovna in Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky". “She looked after him like a child, reminded him of the time of food and sleep, fed him, put him to bed.” In these lines, Arina Rodionovna stands before us, as if alive.
Nostalgia for Mikhailovsky and for the deceased nanny was the poem "... I visited again", written in 1835. Thematically, the work is devoted to Pushkin's return to Mikhailovskoye, where he had not been for a long time. The poet sees the “disgraced house”, where he lived with his nanny, his faithful companion from birth. But the nurse is no longer alive. Only memories of her remain.
Here is a disgraced house,
Where I lived with my poor nanny.
Already the old woman is gone - already behind the wall
I don't hear her heavy steps...
In 1833, Pushkin wrote the poem “Holy Ivan, how we will drink…” (it was not published during his lifetime). Here, under the name of Pakhomovna, the poet recalls the late Arina Rodionovna. In poems, as if written on behalf of a Russian peasant, Pushkin recreated the atmosphere of the nationality that surrounded the nanny. It is dedicated to the memory of Arina Rodionovna - a wonderful storyteller:
Let's also remember it:
We will tell fairy tales
The master was
And where did it come from.
And where are reasonable jokes,
Sayings, jokes,
Fables, epics
Orthodox antiquity!...
Listening is so comforting.
And I wouldn't drink or eat.
Everyone would listen and sit.
Who came up with them so well?
Listen, matchmaker, I'll start first.
The story will be yours.
Conclusion
Having studied the biography of the poet's nanny and his work, I concluded:
- Thanks to A.S. Pushkin, the name of Arina Rodionovna became known to the whole world.
- Not just a nanny, but a great friend became Arina Rodionovna for the poet.
- Nanny influenced the formation of Pushkin as a poet and a person.
- Many plots and motifs of fairy tales told by the nanny, the poet used in his work.
- From Arina Rodionovna Pushkin learned the first lessons of literary skill.
Bibliography
- Blinova S.G. "Pushkin and his time", Moscow, "Terra", 1977.
- Korovina R.N. "Creativity of A.S. Pushkin", Moscow, 1992. 4. Pushkin A.S. "Poems", Moscow, "Ripol Classic", 1977
- Internet resources
The serf peasant woman Arina Rodionovna, who raised the great poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was born on April 10, 1758. The site has collected seven interesting facts about a woman, without whom many generations would never have known about Tsar Saltan and the goldfish.
Lost Appearance
It is surprising that millions of Soviet and Russian schoolchildren can easily say who Arina Rodionovna was, but hardly anyone can describe her external characteristics. Very little is known about them.
Portrait of Arina Rodionovna by an unknown artist. Photo: Public Domain
The portrait of the nanny by an unknown artist, which can be found in many textbooks, is widely replicated. However, it can hardly correspond to real external data.
Moreover, the portrait contradicts the description of Arina Rodionovna, which has survived to this day. It was made up of the daughter of a state councilor, Maria Ivanovna Osipova, who met Pushkin during exile in Mikhailovsky: “The old woman is extremely respectable - her face is plump, all gray-haired, passionately loving her pet ...”. The portrait depicts an elderly and thin woman. You can't call her a "full face" in any way.
There is another image - from Italy. In 1911, Maxim Gorky visited the island of Capri. One of the Russians who lived there gave the writer a portrait of Arina Rodionovna carved from bone. Allegedly, until 1891, he was in Pskov, and then somehow ended up on an Italian island. Gorky donated the portrait to the Pushkin House.
Without your first and last name
Pushkin's nanny was born in the village of Voskresenskoye on April 21, 1758 in the family of serfs Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillova - this is stated in the entry found in the Metric Book of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Suida. Parents named the girl Irina, or Irinya. In history, the colloquial form of the name, Arina, has been preserved.
Already in the 20th century, archival documents about Arina Rodionovna were published, after which some authors began to endow her with the surname Matveeva - after her husband, or Yakovlev - after her father. However, this circumstance was criticized by Pushkin scholars, who pointed out that, as a serf peasant woman, the nanny did not have a last name.
Hut for education
It is known that Arina Rodionovna got married quite late by those standards - at the age of 23. The serf Fyodor Matveev became the chosen one. From this marriage she had four children, but the family life of Pushkin's nanny could not be called happy. In addition, the husband of Arina Rodionovna liked to drink alcohol, which ultimately brought him to the grave.
The poet's nanny had to drag the family on her fragile female shoulders herself. In 1792, Alexander Pushkin's grandmother Maria Gannibal took Arina Rodionovna to her place to raise her nephew Alexei. Maria Alekseevna liked the work of the new nanny so much that, overwhelmed with delight, she gave Arina Rodionovna a separate hut, which, of course, became a great help for the serf family.
Image of Arina Rodionovna, migrated from Pskov to Italy, and from there back to Russia. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Cheerful "drinking companion"
Next to Pushkin, Arina Rodionovna lived under the same roof until he entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - this happened in 1811. Subsequently, the poet often referred to her in letters with the word "mother". When all the pupils grew up, the nanny went with the gentlemen to the Pskov province. In 1818, the writer's grandmother Maria Gannibal passed away. After her death, Arina Rodionovna lived with the Pushkins in St. Petersburg, and in the summer she returned with them to the village of Mikhailovskoye. There, in 1825, in exile, the poet wrote the famous lines:
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
Sing me a song like a titmouse
She lived quietly across the sea;
Sing me a song like a damsel
She followed the water in the morning.
Arina Rodionovna actually shared the exile with her beloved pupil. She was close to him and was able to inspire Pushkin. He managed to rediscover children's fairy tales, taking them as the basis of his own works. In 1824, Alexander Pushkin wrote a letter: “Do you know my classes? before dinner I write notes, I have dinner late; after dinner I ride, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby reward the shortcomings of my accursed upbringing. What a delight these stories are! Each is a poem!
Perhaps, if not for the nanny, many today would not know the incredible stories about Tsar Saltan or the goldfish. The poet made Arina Rodionovna the prototype of Tatyana's nanny from "Eugene Onegin", as well as Xenia's mother from "Boris Godunov. Several female images are written off from her in Peter the Great's Moor.
Friends who were visiting Pushkin at Mikhailovskoye at that time called Arina Rodionovna "a cheerful drinking companion", although, of course, it is very difficult to suspect a devoted and flawlessly performing nanny of alcohol abuse.
Pushkin didn't say goodbye
The last time the poet met his beloved nanny was in the village of Mikhailovsky in September 1827. By that time, Arina Rodionovna was already 69 years old. By January 1828, Pushkin's older sister Olga had decided to get married. Parents were against the marriage of their daughter with Nikolai Pavlishchev. The couple settled in St. Petersburg, and the parents, stepping over themselves, had to provide them with serfs for housekeeping. Among them was Arina Rodionovna. She had to travel to the capital in March. The still winter-like cold road took away a lot of strength from her - the nanny began to get sick. In the house of the Pavlishchevs, she died on August 12, 1828.
Arina Rodionovna was buried at the Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg. Two years later, Alexander Pushkin tried to find her grave, but could not - it was lost forever. Only in 1977 did a plaque appear at the Smolensk cemetery in memory of the poet's nanny.
It is an indisputable fact that Arina Rodionovna played a role in the formation of the poet Alexander Pushkin, however, it is very likely that she was not as significant as she was subsequently presented.
The image of the writer's nanny was especially zealously used during the reign of Joseph Stalin. Arina Rodionovna, in the Soviet view, was made a link between the poet and the people, despite his aristocratic origin.
The poet himself, despite the repeated use of Arina Radionovna as a prototype for the heroines, did not particularly speak about her influence on his formation.
The poet would have been killed nine years after the death of the nanny. Duel of Pushkin with Dantes. Artist A. Naumov 1884. Photo: reproduction
house without owner
In the village of Kobrino in the Leningrad region, the "House of the nanny of A.S. Pushkin" appeared. The building is not the true residence of Arina Rodionovna. A museum of peasant life was made here in July 1974.
The only authentic item that, according to legend, belonged to the poet's nanny, here is a sack-bag made of homespun cloth. The rest of the exposition was replenished by local residents.
The house of the nanny of A. S. Pushkin, the entrance to the museum. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The original house of Arina Rodionovna, like her grave, is gone.
